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Roth vs. traditional IRA

Updated October 27, 2026 · 6 min read

Both accounts let your investments grow without yearly tax. The difference is when you pay income tax: a traditional IRA usually gives you a deduction now and taxes withdrawals later; a Roth IRA taxes the money now and lets qualified withdrawals come out tax-free.

Key points

  • The 2026 IRA limit is $7,500, plus $1,100 if you are 50 or older. It's one limit shared across all your IRAs.
  • Roth contributions phase out between $153,000 and $168,000 of income for single filers.
  • If you expect a higher tax rate in retirement than today, Roth usually wins. If lower, traditional usually wins.

Side by side

Traditional IRARoth IRA
Tax on contributionsOften deductible nowNo deduction; paid with after-tax money
Tax on growthNone while it stays inNone while it stays in
Tax on withdrawalsTaxed as ordinary incomeTax-free if qualified (age 59½ and 5 years)
Withdrawing before 59½Taxed as income, plus a 10% penalty unless an exception applies (nondeductible contributions aren't taxed again)Your contributions can come out anytime, tax- and penalty-free; earnings may be taxed and penalized
Required withdrawalsYes, starting in your 70sNone during your lifetime
Income limit to contributeNone, but the deduction can phase outYes (see below)

2026 limits and income ranges

A simple way to choose

Compare your tax rate today with the rate you expect when you withdraw:

A Roth also has flexibility the traditional IRA lacks: because contributions can come out anytime, it can double as a deep backup to an emergency fund.

In Puerto Rico: if you are a bona fide resident and all your income is from Puerto Rico, that income is generally excluded from U.S. federal tax, so it usually doesn't count as compensation for a U.S. IRA or Roth IRA. Residents typically use a Puerto Rico IRA instead, which has a $7,500 limit for 2026 under Act 179-2025. See the Puerto Rico retirement guide, and check with a preparer who knows both tax systems.

Sources

For education only, not financial, tax or legal advice. Rules and limits change; check the sources and talk with a licensed professional about your own situation.